Topic: Role of Civilized Society
in Development of Society and Culture.
OUTLINE:
·
Introduction.
·
Society and Culture of Pakistan.
·
Characters of Pakistani Society and
Culture.
·
Salient features of Pakistani Culture.
·
Element leading to evolution in Culture and
Society.
·
Role of Education in Society.
·
Role of Media in Society.
·
Role of Student in Society.
·
Role of Civilized Society in Development
of Society and Culture.
·
Conclusion.
INTRODUCTION
Civilized society:
·
Having a highly developed society and culture.
·
Showing evidence of moral and intellectual advancement; humane, ethical, and
reasonable.
·
Marked by refinement in taste and manners; cultured.
Society:
An organized group of persons associated together for religious,
benevolent, cultural, scientific, political, patriotic, or other purposes. The
body of human beings generally, associated or viewed as members of a community: the evolution of human society.
A highly structured system of human organization for large-scale
community living that normally furnishes protection, continuity, security, and
a national identity for its members
Culture: It refers to the cumulative
deposit of knowledge, experience, beliefs, values, attitudes, meanings,
hierarchies, religion, notions of time, roles, spatial relations, concepts of
the universe, and material objects and possessions acquired by a group of
people in the course of generations through individual and group striving.
·
Culture is the systems
of knowledge shared by a relatively large group of people
·
A culture is a way of
life of a group of people--the behaviors, beliefs, values, and symbols that
they accept, generally without thinking about them, and that are passed along
by communication and imitation from one generation to the
Society and culture of Pakistan
Pakistan has a rich and unique culture that has preserved established
traditions throughout history. Many cultural practices, foods, monuments, and
shrines were inherited from the rule of Muslim Mughal and Afghan emperors. The
national dress of shalwar qamiz is originally of Central Asian origin derived
from Turku-Iranian nomadic invaders and is today worn in all parts of Pakistan.
Women wear brightly colored shalwar qamiz, while men often wear solid-colored
ones. In cities western dress is also popular among the youth and the business
sector.
Pakistani society is largely multilingual and 96% Muslim, with
high regard for traditional family values, although urban families have grown
into a
nuclear family system due to the socio-economic constraints imposed by the traditional joint family system. Recent decades have seen the emergence of a middle class in cities like Karachi, Lahore, Rawalpindi, Hyderabad, Faisalabad, and Peshawar that wish to move in a more liberal direction, as opposed to the northwestern regions bordering Afghanistan that remain highly conservative and dominated by centuries-old regional tribal customs. Increasing globalization has increased the influence of "Western culture" with Pakistan ranking 46th on the A.T. Kearney/FP Globalization Index. There are an approximated four million people of Pakistani descent living abroad, with close to a half-million expatriates living in the United States, around a million living in Saudi Arabia and nearly one million in the United Kingdom, all providing burgeoning cultural connections.
nuclear family system due to the socio-economic constraints imposed by the traditional joint family system. Recent decades have seen the emergence of a middle class in cities like Karachi, Lahore, Rawalpindi, Hyderabad, Faisalabad, and Peshawar that wish to move in a more liberal direction, as opposed to the northwestern regions bordering Afghanistan that remain highly conservative and dominated by centuries-old regional tribal customs. Increasing globalization has increased the influence of "Western culture" with Pakistan ranking 46th on the A.T. Kearney/FP Globalization Index. There are an approximated four million people of Pakistani descent living abroad, with close to a half-million expatriates living in the United States, around a million living in Saudi Arabia and nearly one million in the United Kingdom, all providing burgeoning cultural connections.
The variety of Pakistani music ranges from diverse provincial folk
music and traditional styles such as Qawwali and Ghazal Gayaki to modern forms
fusing traditional and western music, such as the synchronization of Qawwali
and western music by the world renowned Nusrat Fateh Ali Khan. In addition,
Pakistan is home to many famous folk singers such as the late Alam Lohar, who
is also well known in Indian Punjab. The arrival of Afghan refugees in the
western provinces has rekindled Pashto and Persian music and established
Peshawar as a hub for Afghan musicians and a distribution center for Afghan
music abroad. State-owned Pakistan Television Corporation (PTV) and Pakistan Broadcasting
Corporation were the dominant media outlets, but there are now numerous private
television channels. Various American, European, and Asian television channels
and films are available to the majority of the Pakistani population via private
Television Networks, cable, and satellite television. There are also small
indigenous film industries based in Lahore and Peshawar (often referred to as
Lolly wood). Although Bollywood films have been banned from being played in
public cinemas since 1965, Indian film stars are still generally popular in
Pakistan due to the fact that Pakistanis are easily able to buy Bollywood films
from local shops for private home viewing. But recently Pakistan allowed
selected Bollywood films to be shown in Pakistani cinemas.
There are many festivals
celebrated annually in Pakistan - which may or may not be observed as national
public holidays - e.g. Pakistan Day (23 March), Independence Day (14 August),
Defence of Pakistan Day (6 September), Pakistan Air Force Day (7 September),
the anniversaries of the birth (25 December, a national holiday) and death (11
September) of Quaid-e-Azam, birth of Allama
Iqbal (9 November) and
the birth (30 July) and death (8 July) of
Madar-e-Millat. Labour Day, (also known as May Day), is also observed in
Pakistan on 1 May and is a public holiday. Several important religious festivals
are celebrated by Pakistani Muslims during the year; the celebration days
depend on the lunar Islamic calendar. Ramadan, the ninth month of the calendar,
is characterized by daytime fasting for 29 or 30 days and is followed by
the festival of Eid ul-Fitr. In a second festival, Eid ul-Adha, an animal is
sacrificed in remembrance of the actions of Prophet Abraham (Arabic: Ibrahim)
and the meat is shared with friends, family, and the less fortunate. Both Eid
festivals are public holidays, serving as opportunities for people to visit
family and friends, and for children to receive new clothes, presents, and
sweets. Muslims also celebrate Eid-e-Milad-un-Nabi - the birthday of the
prophet MOHAMMAD(S.A.W.) - in the third month of the
calendar (Rabi' al-Awwal) and mark the Day of Ashurah on the 9th and 10th days
of the first month (Muharram) to commemorate the martyrdom of Husayn bin Ali.
Hindus, Buddhists, Sikhs, and Christians in Pakistan also celebrate their own
festivals and holidays. Sikhs come from across the world to visit several holy
sites in Punjab, including the shrine of Guru Nanak, the founder of Sikhism, at
Hasan Abdal in Attock District, and his birthplace, at Nankana Sahib. There are
also several regional and local festivals, such as the Punjabi festival of
Basant, which marks the start of spring and is celebrated by kite flying.
The
architecture of the areas now constituting Pakistan can be designated to four
distinct periods — pre-Islamic, Islamic, colonial and post-colonial. With the
beginning of the Indus civilization around the middle of the 3rd millennium
B.C., an advanced urban culture developed for the first time in the region,
with large structural facilities, some of which survive to this day. Mohenjo
Daro, Harappa and Kot Diji belong to the pre-Islamic era settlements. The rise
of Buddhism and the Persian and Greek influence led to the development of the
Greco-Buddhist style, starting from the 1st century CE. The high point of this
era was reached with the culmination of the Gandhara style. An example of
Buddhist architecture is the ruins of the Buddhist monastery Takht-i-Bahi in
the northwest province. The arrival of Islam in today's Pakistan meant a sudden
end of Buddhist architecture. However, a smooth transition to predominantly
picture-less Islamic architecture occurred. The most important of the few
completely discovered buildings of Persian style is the tomb of the Shah
Rukn-i-Alam in Multan. During the Mughal era design elements of Islamic-Persian
architecture were fused with and often produced playful forms of the Hindustani
art. Lahore, occasional residence of Mughal rulers, exhibits a multiplicity of
important buildings from the empire, among them the Badshahi mosque, the
fortress of Lahore with the famous Alamgiri Gate, the colorful, still strongly
Persian seeming Wazir Khan Mosque as well as numerous other mosques and
mausoleums. Also the Shahjahan Mosque of Thatta in Sindh originates from the
epoch of the Mughals. In the British colonial period, predominantly functional
buildings of the Indo-European representative style developed from a mixture of
European and Indian-Islamic components. Post-colonial national identity is
expressed in modern structures like the Faisal Mosque, the Minar-e-Pakistan and
the Mizar-e-Quaid.
The literature of
Pakistan covers the literatures of languages spread throughout the country,
namely Urdu, Sindhi, Punjabi, Pushto, Baluchi as well as English in recent
times and in the past often Persian as well. Prior to the 19th century, the
literature mainly consisted of lyric poetry and religious, mystical popular
materials. During the colonial age the native literary figures, under the
influence of the western literature of realism, took up increasingly different
topics and telling forms. Today, short stories enjoy a special popularity. The
national poet of Pakistan, Muhammad Iqbal, wrote mainly in the Persian
language, and additionally in Urdu. His works are concerned mostly with Islamic
philosophy. Iqbal's most well-known work is the Persian poem volume
Asrar-i-Khudi ("the secrets of the even"). The most famous works of
early Urdu literature originated in the 14th century. The most well-known
representative of the contemporary Urdu literature of Pakistan is Faiz Ahmed
Faiz. Sufi Shah Abdul Latif is considered one of the most outstanding mystical
poets. Mirza Kalich Beg has been termed the father of modern Sindhi prose. In
Punjabi, naats and qawaalis are delivered. The Pushto literature tradition is a
cultural link between Pakistan and neighbouring Afghanistan. Extensive lyric
poetry and epic poems have been published in Pushto. In Baluchi language songs
and ballads are popular.
Characteristics of Pakistani Society and Culture
The society and culture of Pakistan comprises numerous ethnic groups: the Punjabis, Kashmiris, Sindhis in east, Muhajirs, Makrani in the south; Baloch, Hazara and Pashtun in the west; and the ancient Dardic, Wakhi,Baltistani and Burusho communities in the north. The culture
of these Pakistani ethnic groups have been greatly influenced by many of its
neighbors, such as the other South
Asians, Turkic peoples as well as the peoples of Central Asia and the Middle East.
The origins of the current Pakistani
culture can be traced back to the Indus
Valley civilization,
which was contemporaneous with the ancient Egyptian and Sumerian civilizations, around 5500 years ago.
The region has formed a distinct unit within the main geographical complex of
South Asia, the Middle East and Central Asia from the earliest times, and is
analogous to the position of Afghanistan.[1] There are differences among the ethnic
groups in cultural aspects such as dress, food, and religion, especially where
pre-Islamic customs differ from Islamic practices. Their cultural origins also
reveal influences from far afield, including China, India and Afghanistan. Pakistan was the first region of
South Asia to be fully impacted by Islam and has thus developed a distinct
Islamic identity, historically different from areas further east.
Culture may be defined as behavior peculiar to human beings, together with
material objects used. Culture consists of language, ideas, beliefs, customs,
codes, institution, tools, techniques, works of arts, ceremonies and so on.
E.B. Taylor defines culture as:
The complex whole which include knowledge, belief, art, morals, law, custom and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society.
E.B. Taylor defines culture as:
The complex whole which include knowledge, belief, art, morals, law, custom and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society.
According to Allama Iqbal:
Culture encompasses all the mental, spiritual and physical activities of a nation. It includes teh basic beliefs and faith, values and literature, art and architecture, music and mode of dress, manners and customs prevalent in a given society.
Pakistani Culture is an Islamic Culture:
Pakistan is an ideological Islamic State. Its very existence is due to Islam, so the Pakistani culture is primarily based on the Islamic way of life. All other ingredients of culture are inspired by Islam. Pakistani culture is highlighted by its grandeur, simplicity, firm convictions and noble deeds and ideas.
Salient Features of Pakistani culture:
The main characteristics of Pakistani culture are as follows:
1. Religious Uniformity:
Pakistan came into existence to provide its people a system of life based on Islam. The people, in spite of some differences of languages, customs and traditions commonly follow one religion of Islam. This is the religion, which is practiced by all people of Pakistan.
2. Language:
A number of languages are spoken in Pakistan. Some of them are Punjabi, Sindhi, Pushto and Balochi. But Urdu is spoken and understand in all parts of Pakistan. Being the official language, it is the media of communication between all regions of Pakistan.
3. Literature and Poetry:
Literature is an important aspect of our cultural life. Most of our poets reflect Islamic code and trend in their poetry. They gave the message of love and brotherhood. Similarity of thought amongst poets and writers of all regions is an important factor of our cultural life.
4. Dress and Diet:
Dress is an important manifestation of culture. The regional dresses of Pakistan undergo changes in the light of local traditions, economic condition, way of living and wealth in the region. But in all Provinces people generally wear Shalwar Kameez.
5. Mixed Culture:
Pakistani culture is mixed culture although majority of people are Muslims by birth and faith. But there is great influence of Hindus and British culture on the present Pakistani society.
6. Male Dominated Society:
In Pakistani culture, the male member of the family enjoys the key position. Family is headed by a male member and in most cases, he is the sole source of income for other members of family.
7. Arts and Architecture:
The iconoclasm of Islam has given a characteristic form and pattern in the use of elegant designs, based on geometric figures and floral forms borrowed from nature. The Shah Jahan Masjid, Shalimar Garden, Badshahi Masjid, Shahi Qila and many such graceful buildings are a living proof of the excellent Mughal architecture.
Culture encompasses all the mental, spiritual and physical activities of a nation. It includes teh basic beliefs and faith, values and literature, art and architecture, music and mode of dress, manners and customs prevalent in a given society.
Pakistani Culture is an Islamic Culture:
Pakistan is an ideological Islamic State. Its very existence is due to Islam, so the Pakistani culture is primarily based on the Islamic way of life. All other ingredients of culture are inspired by Islam. Pakistani culture is highlighted by its grandeur, simplicity, firm convictions and noble deeds and ideas.
Salient Features of Pakistani culture:
The main characteristics of Pakistani culture are as follows:
1. Religious Uniformity:
Pakistan came into existence to provide its people a system of life based on Islam. The people, in spite of some differences of languages, customs and traditions commonly follow one religion of Islam. This is the religion, which is practiced by all people of Pakistan.
2. Language:
A number of languages are spoken in Pakistan. Some of them are Punjabi, Sindhi, Pushto and Balochi. But Urdu is spoken and understand in all parts of Pakistan. Being the official language, it is the media of communication between all regions of Pakistan.
3. Literature and Poetry:
Literature is an important aspect of our cultural life. Most of our poets reflect Islamic code and trend in their poetry. They gave the message of love and brotherhood. Similarity of thought amongst poets and writers of all regions is an important factor of our cultural life.
4. Dress and Diet:
Dress is an important manifestation of culture. The regional dresses of Pakistan undergo changes in the light of local traditions, economic condition, way of living and wealth in the region. But in all Provinces people generally wear Shalwar Kameez.
5. Mixed Culture:
Pakistani culture is mixed culture although majority of people are Muslims by birth and faith. But there is great influence of Hindus and British culture on the present Pakistani society.
6. Male Dominated Society:
In Pakistani culture, the male member of the family enjoys the key position. Family is headed by a male member and in most cases, he is the sole source of income for other members of family.
7. Arts and Architecture:
The iconoclasm of Islam has given a characteristic form and pattern in the use of elegant designs, based on geometric figures and floral forms borrowed from nature. The Shah Jahan Masjid, Shalimar Garden, Badshahi Masjid, Shahi Qila and many such graceful buildings are a living proof of the excellent Mughal architecture.
8. Handicrafts:
Embroidery, leather works, glazed pottery, wood work, carpet making, metal crafts and ivory are the essential parts of our culture. Pakistani craftsmen are considered as the best in their craftsmen ship. They are known for the high quality works which is very popular in foreign countries.
9. Recreational Activities – Sports:
The recreational activities all over the Pakistan are common. The games like Cricket, Hockey, Football, Kabaddi etc. are popular in every part of our country. These games reflect our cultural identity.
10. Education:
Education contributes a great deal in developing national character. Educational system plays a vital role in the formation of Culture, Unity and Solidarity of a nation. It is therefore, important that the entire syllabus right from the lower to higher level should be placed in accordance with the ideology of Pakistan.
11. Religious Festivals:
Festivals play an important part of our culture. Eid-ul-Fitr and Eid-ul-Azha are our two main religious festivals. They are celebrated with great happiness throughout the country.
12. Islamic Rituals and Religious Festivals:
Islamic rituals and festivals play an important part of our culture. The rituals and festivals are observed with unusual enthusiasm. Obligatory prayers, fasts during the month of Ramadan and the payment of Zakat prescribed by Islam are being observed almost everywhere. Statistics reveal that Pakistani’s attendance at Hajj is usually very high. The enthusiasm with which Pakistani families celebrate religious festivals is an inspirational spectacle. Eid-ul-Fitr and Eid-ul-Azha are our two main religious festivals. They are celebrated with great happiness throughout the country.
13. Ulema, Mushaikh and Sufi Poets:
Ulema, Mushaikh and Sufi Poets occupy an honored place in our cultural aspect of life. Sufis like Lal Shahbaz, Data Ganj Baksh, Shah Abdul latif, Sachal Sarmast, Hazrat Sultan Bahu and Waris Shah rendered meritorious services for the spread of Islam in the Sub Continent.
Embroidery, leather works, glazed pottery, wood work, carpet making, metal crafts and ivory are the essential parts of our culture. Pakistani craftsmen are considered as the best in their craftsmen ship. They are known for the high quality works which is very popular in foreign countries.
9. Recreational Activities – Sports:
The recreational activities all over the Pakistan are common. The games like Cricket, Hockey, Football, Kabaddi etc. are popular in every part of our country. These games reflect our cultural identity.
10. Education:
Education contributes a great deal in developing national character. Educational system plays a vital role in the formation of Culture, Unity and Solidarity of a nation. It is therefore, important that the entire syllabus right from the lower to higher level should be placed in accordance with the ideology of Pakistan.
11. Religious Festivals:
Festivals play an important part of our culture. Eid-ul-Fitr and Eid-ul-Azha are our two main religious festivals. They are celebrated with great happiness throughout the country.
12. Islamic Rituals and Religious Festivals:
Islamic rituals and festivals play an important part of our culture. The rituals and festivals are observed with unusual enthusiasm. Obligatory prayers, fasts during the month of Ramadan and the payment of Zakat prescribed by Islam are being observed almost everywhere. Statistics reveal that Pakistani’s attendance at Hajj is usually very high. The enthusiasm with which Pakistani families celebrate religious festivals is an inspirational spectacle. Eid-ul-Fitr and Eid-ul-Azha are our two main religious festivals. They are celebrated with great happiness throughout the country.
13. Ulema, Mushaikh and Sufi Poets:
Ulema, Mushaikh and Sufi Poets occupy an honored place in our cultural aspect of life. Sufis like Lal Shahbaz, Data Ganj Baksh, Shah Abdul latif, Sachal Sarmast, Hazrat Sultan Bahu and Waris Shah rendered meritorious services for the spread of Islam in the Sub Continent.
Conclusion:
Culture which includes religion, literature art, architecture, dresses, music, manners and customs has its roots in the Islamic culture. Islam has described the rights and duties of every individual. Even in drinking, eating and dressing, we have to observe certain rules prescribed by Islam. So it may be said that Pakistani culture represents the true picture of Islamic culture.
Culture which includes religion, literature art, architecture, dresses, music, manners and customs has its roots in the Islamic culture. Islam has described the rights and duties of every individual. Even in drinking, eating and dressing, we have to observe certain rules prescribed by Islam. So it may be said that Pakistani culture represents the true picture of Islamic culture.
Element Leading to Evolution in Culture and Society
Theories of cultural evolution need to be distinguished
from theories within evolutionary psychology, even though both may involve an
application of evolutionary ideas to the explanation of cultural phenomena. The
evolutionary psychologist (e.g. Tooby and Cosmides 1992) tends to assume that
the most important inheritance mechanism in all species—our own included—is
genetic inheritance. Evolutionary psychology regards the human mind as evolving
through a conventional process of natural selection acting on genetically
inherited variation. For example, an evolutionary psychologist might explain
the widespread taste among humans for fatty foods in terms of the importance in
our species' distant past of consuming as much fat as possible on those rare
occasions when the circumstances presented themselves. Such a hypothesis can
also help to explain novel cultural trends: the recent increase in obesity is
explained as the result of a novel environmental change—the increased
availability of cheap, high-fat foods—acting in concert with a once-adaptive,
now dangerous, gustatory preference.
Darwin believed, as do biologists today, that natural
selection can explain the origin of many complex adaptive traits. In Darwin's
original presentation of natural selection, he requires that parent organisms
differ in their abilities to survive and reproduce, and that offspring resemble
their parents in terms of the traits that promote or inhibit these abilities
(Darwin 1859). This explanatory schema is largely neutral regarding what
mechanism accounts for parent-offspring resemblance. For example, offspring
might learn skills from their parents, and thereby come to resemble them
behaviorally. From the perspective of natural selection explanations, it does
not matter why offspring resemble parents, only that they do resemble them.
Darwin's theory of natural selection explains adaptation
by appealing to what we now call vertical
transmission—the inheritance of parental traits by offspring. As we have
seen, cultural processes such as learning might, in principle, underpin this
form of inheritance. But we do not learn only from our parents—we also learn
from peers, authority-figures and so forth. This is known as oblique
transmission. Once we acknowledge the possibility that learning can
underpin natural selection, we also acknowledge that a theory of evolution—a
theory which seeks to explain change, including adaptive change in a
population—may also need to be further expanded to encompass oblique
transmission. The admittance of oblique transmission into evolutionary theory
necessitates far more radical revisions to traditional Darwinian models of
evolution. This is because oblique transmission opens up the possibility that
some traits may spread through a population in spite of the fact that they
reduce the fitness of the individuals who bear them.
Sociocultural evolution:
Sociocultural
evolutionism or cultural evolution are
theories of cultural and social
evolution that describe
how cultures and societies change over time.
Whereas sociocultural development traces processes that tend to increase the complexity of a society or
culture, sociocultural evolution also considers process that can lead to
decreases in complexity that can produce variation or proliferation without any
seemingly significant changes in complexity . Sociocultural evolution is
"the process by which structural reorganization is affected through time,
eventually producing a form or structure which is qualitatively different from
the ancestral form".
Role
of Education in society
·
Education Makes Better Citizens:
Man is nothing but an animal. It is the
education that teaches him many things, teaches the manners, rules and
regulations of life etc. All these things result in converting man from an
animal to well-mannered citizen.
·
Brings Confidence:
Nothing in the life can
be achieved if we don’t have belief on ourselves. Education is what brings
self-confidence in us. We get the confidence of doing the things on our own.
Our self-confidence then helps us in passing all the difficulties that come on
way to our aim. Education also makes us better in communication with others.
·
Ensures a Bright Future:
An educated person lives a happy life
always. He/she has a bright future that on one can pull from them. Education
wakes the hidden talent and skills of any person. This hidden talent and skills
give us employment and a completely secure future. It is the education that
helps us in achieving new heights in our life.
·
Spreads Awareness:
An educated person tries to understand
each and every thing on its own rather than blindly following anyone else. This
results in spreading awareness everywhere. An educated person does not only
reject the misconceptions him/herself, but also explains the real logic behind
any happening, to others. Thus education clears out the darkness with the
intense light of knowledge.
·
Educated Persons Help in Progress of Country:
People of any particular country can
live happily only if the country has all the resources, or simply say, country
is rich in every aspect. Educated persons know pretty well that what is wrong
and what is right. They do not need to follow the words of third person.
Educated persons are well aware from their country’s rules and laws. They know
pretty well about their duties and fundamental rights. They know the value of
paying taxes, and thus pay their taxes on time. All these qualities of educated
persons help them play a vital role in the progress of their country.
So, this was the list of some benefits
of education in our life. If there is no education, then there is no life. All
those of you who are reading in good schools and colleges are indeed very
lucky. You all have the golden chance to own the ornament-like study, and to
get yourself counted in the list of educated people.
Education, has a great social importance
specially in the modern, complex industrialized societies. Philosophers of all periods,
beginning with ancient stages, devoted to it a great deal of attention.
Accordingly, various theories regarding its nature and objective have come into
being. Let us now examine some of the significant functions of education.
(1) To complete the socialization process:
The main social objective of education is to
complete the socialization process. The family gets the child, but the modern
family tends to leave much undone in the socialization process. The school and
other institutions have come into being in place of family to complete the
socialization process.
Now, the people fell that it is “the school’s
business to train the whole child even to the extent of teaching him honesty,
fair play, consideration for others and a sense of right and wrong”.
The school devotes much of its time and energy
to the matter such as co-operation, good citizenship, doing one's duty and
upholding the law.
Directly through text books and indirectly
through celebration of programs patriotic sentiments are intimates and
instilled. The nation's past is glorified, its legendary heroes respected, and
its military ventures justified.
All societies maintain themselves, by
exploitation of a culture. Culture here refers to a set of beliefs and skills,
art, literature, philosophy, religion, music etc., that are not carried through
the mechanism of heredity. They must be learned. This social heritage (culture)
must be transmitted through social organizations. Education has this function
of cultural transmission in all societies.it is Only at the under leaves of the
school that any serious attempt has been, or now is, made to deal with this
area.
(3) For the formation of social personality:
Individual must have personalities shaped or fashioned
in ways that fit into the culture. Education, everywhere has the function of
the formation of social personalities. Education helps in transmitting culture
through proper molding of social personalities. In this way, it contributes to
the integration, to survive and to reproduce themselves.
(4) Reformation of Attitudes:
Education aims at the reformation of attitudes
wrongly developed by children already. For various reasons the child may have
absorbed a host of attitudes, beliefs and disbeliefs, loyalties and prejudices,
jealously and hatred etc. these are to be reformed. It is the function of
education to see that unfounded beliefs, illogical prejudices and unreasoned
loyalties are removed from the child's mind, though the school has its own limitations
in this regard, it is expected to continue its efforts in reforming the
attitudes of the child.
(5) Education for occupational placement:
An instrument of livelihood. Education has a
practical and also it should help the adolescent for earning his livelihood.
Education has come to be today as nothing more than an Instrument of
livelihood. It should enable the student to take out his livelihood. Education
must prepare the student for future occupational positions, the youth should be
enabled to play a productive role in society. Accordingly, great emphasis has
been placed on vocational training.
Conferring of status is one of the most
important function of education. The amount of education one has, is correlated
with his class position. This is four in U.S.A., U.S.S.R., Japan, Germany and
some other societies. Education is related to one's position in the stratification
structure in two ways. An evaluation of
one's status is partially decided by what kind of education one has received
and Many of the other important criteria of class position such as occupation,
income and style of life are partially the result of the type and amount of
education one has had. Men who finish college, for example, earn two and a half
times as much as those who have a grammar school education.
The school instills co-operative values through
civic and patriotic exhortation or advice. Yet the school’s main emphasis is
upon personal competition. For each subject studied the child is compared with
the companies by percentage of marks or rankings. The teacher admires and
praises those who do well and frowns upon those who fail to do well. The
school’s ranking system serves to prepare for a later ranking system. Many of
those who are emotionally disappointed by low ranking in the school are thereby
prepared to accept limited achievement in the larger world outside the school.
Peter Worsley has spoken of a few more functions
of education. Some of them may be noted.
The relation between the economy and education
can be an exact one. For example, the number and productive capacity of
engineering firms are limited by the number of engineers produced by education.
In planned economy, normally it is planned years in advance to produce a
definite number of doctors, engineers, teachers, technicians, scientists etc.
to meet the social and economic needs of the society.
Education fosters participant democracy.
Participant democracy in any large and complex society depends on literacy.
Literacy allows full participation of the people in democratic processes and
effective voting. Literacy is a product of education. Educational system has
this economic as well as political significance. Education Imparts values: The
curriculum of the school, its extracurricular activities and the informal
relationships amongst students and teacher communicate social skills and
values. Through various activities a school imparts values such as co-operation
or atmospheric, obedience, fair play.
This is also done through curriculum that is
through lessons in history literature etc.
Education
acts as integrative force in society by communicating value, that unite
different sections of society. The family may fail to provide the child the
essential knowledge of the social skills and values of the wider society
Role of Media in society
The word ‘media’ is derived from the word medium, signifying mode or
carrier. Media is intended to reach and address a large target group or
audience. The word was first used in respect of books and newspapers i.e. print
media and with the advent of technology, media now encompasses television,
movies, radio and internet. In today’s world, media becomes as essential as our
daily needs. Media of today is playing an outstanding role in creating and
shaping of public opinion and strengthening of society.
Media is the sword arm of democracy. Media acts as watchdog to protect public interest against malpractice and create public awareness. Today when politicians are taking full advantage of their positions, an evil nexus of mafia and crime syndicate is making the life of the common man miserable, taxpayer’s money is siphoned out for the personal gain of the influential and ordinary people are a mere spectator-media has a greater responsibility As the fourth pillar of democracy along with judiciary, executive and legislature, media of today has an all embracing role to act against the injustice, oppression, misdeeds and partiality of our society.
From the days abode, media has remained an integral part of human civilization. From the days of Vedas and Upanishads to edicts of kings and emperors like Chandragupta, Asoka to the medieval Indian mass gatherings to the modern day’s audio video and print media, media has always taken a pivotal role in shaping our society. During the days of freedom struggle newspapers like Tilak’s Maratha, Mahatmaji’s young India acted as a platform to place the demands of common Indian and to express solitude with freedom fighters. Indian media in post-independence era has grown up phenomenally and today comprises of more than 50,000 newspapers, hundreds of television an d radio channels.
In this era of liberalization, privatization and globalization(LPG) the world has reached our drawing room thanks to media. Since the introduction of television in our country in late 70’s visual media becomes a very potential tool in informing the current news to the society, entertaining the people and shaping up of public opinion. The World Wide Web and web 2.0 technologies have given rise to electronic media where even a common man can express views through blogs, website posts, Facebook and twitter like social media. Coupled with traditional print media all these audio video and social media caters to a richly diversified media industry in India.
Media helps in fighting against corruption, nepotism, cronyism of institutional machinery and carrying out relentless campaign against them. Way back in independent India from the Mundra case to the jeep scandal to the hawala case to the kickbacks received in different defense deals- Indian media performs commendably in exposing the corrupted highly placed statesman. In recent scams from commonwealth to 2G, exposed thanks to television and print media, media acted as a catalyst to government action compelling government to swing into action including suspending ministers and putting ministers into jail. Who can forget the crusade taken by Indian media in the Nirbhaya rape case and shaping the public opinion in one of the most heinous crimes the world has ever witnessed. Without media, the news of government schemes and benefits would have never reached the target audience.
Media is the sword arm of democracy. Media acts as watchdog to protect public interest against malpractice and create public awareness. Today when politicians are taking full advantage of their positions, an evil nexus of mafia and crime syndicate is making the life of the common man miserable, taxpayer’s money is siphoned out for the personal gain of the influential and ordinary people are a mere spectator-media has a greater responsibility As the fourth pillar of democracy along with judiciary, executive and legislature, media of today has an all embracing role to act against the injustice, oppression, misdeeds and partiality of our society.
From the days abode, media has remained an integral part of human civilization. From the days of Vedas and Upanishads to edicts of kings and emperors like Chandragupta, Asoka to the medieval Indian mass gatherings to the modern day’s audio video and print media, media has always taken a pivotal role in shaping our society. During the days of freedom struggle newspapers like Tilak’s Maratha, Mahatmaji’s young India acted as a platform to place the demands of common Indian and to express solitude with freedom fighters. Indian media in post-independence era has grown up phenomenally and today comprises of more than 50,000 newspapers, hundreds of television an d radio channels.
In this era of liberalization, privatization and globalization(LPG) the world has reached our drawing room thanks to media. Since the introduction of television in our country in late 70’s visual media becomes a very potential tool in informing the current news to the society, entertaining the people and shaping up of public opinion. The World Wide Web and web 2.0 technologies have given rise to electronic media where even a common man can express views through blogs, website posts, Facebook and twitter like social media. Coupled with traditional print media all these audio video and social media caters to a richly diversified media industry in India.
Media helps in fighting against corruption, nepotism, cronyism of institutional machinery and carrying out relentless campaign against them. Way back in independent India from the Mundra case to the jeep scandal to the hawala case to the kickbacks received in different defense deals- Indian media performs commendably in exposing the corrupted highly placed statesman. In recent scams from commonwealth to 2G, exposed thanks to television and print media, media acted as a catalyst to government action compelling government to swing into action including suspending ministers and putting ministers into jail. Who can forget the crusade taken by Indian media in the Nirbhaya rape case and shaping the public opinion in one of the most heinous crimes the world has ever witnessed. Without media, the news of government schemes and benefits would have never reached the target audience.
Role of students in society:
Society is a group of people who commonly share values, requirements and
interests. Student is an important pillar in building and educated society as
education is the basis for living in a world community as trade, industry,
economic or political.
For the prosperity and betterment of a society, the foremost role of student is to gather knowledge and wisdom and must not waste his/her precious time carelessly. He must submit himself to the rules of discipline to build a civilized society. They must realize their roles and duties towards a cultured society. They must develop habits of self-reliance and try not to use unfair means in every aspect. A student can understand and help common people to understand their rights. He is expected to be well informed as well as balanced in his views. He must know that he is prepared to offer his co-operation and services for the well-being of the society. As he is conscious of right and wrong, good and bad; he will not follow another man dictates blindly. Student must contribute himself for improvement, judge and act for a civilized society. They may stand for the strength of will, truthfulness, high sense of duty and honor, spirit of service and sacrifice. A student must know his talent and utilize it in a right manner. Material consideration and getting fame should not move him from the right path.
If we had a look on history, we see that students played vital role during struggle for independence. But unfortunately, now-a-days students waste their time and attention in pursuits, as education is only away to get academic degrees. Today the behavior of students is very casual, which if not diverted into a healthy channel could take shape of destruction. Students of today are leaders of tomorrow so they should perform their tasks for the goodness of their society and ultimately for their beloved homeland.
For the prosperity and betterment of a society, the foremost role of student is to gather knowledge and wisdom and must not waste his/her precious time carelessly. He must submit himself to the rules of discipline to build a civilized society. They must realize their roles and duties towards a cultured society. They must develop habits of self-reliance and try not to use unfair means in every aspect. A student can understand and help common people to understand their rights. He is expected to be well informed as well as balanced in his views. He must know that he is prepared to offer his co-operation and services for the well-being of the society. As he is conscious of right and wrong, good and bad; he will not follow another man dictates blindly. Student must contribute himself for improvement, judge and act for a civilized society. They may stand for the strength of will, truthfulness, high sense of duty and honor, spirit of service and sacrifice. A student must know his talent and utilize it in a right manner. Material consideration and getting fame should not move him from the right path.
If we had a look on history, we see that students played vital role during struggle for independence. But unfortunately, now-a-days students waste their time and attention in pursuits, as education is only away to get academic degrees. Today the behavior of students is very casual, which if not diverted into a healthy channel could take shape of destruction. Students of today are leaders of tomorrow so they should perform their tasks for the goodness of their society and ultimately for their beloved homeland.
ROLE OF CIVILIZED SOCIETY
IN DEVELOPMENT OF SOCIETY AND CULTURE:
"Civilization"
can also refer to the culture of
a complex society, not just the society itself. Every society, civilization or
not, has a specific set of ideas and customs, and a certain set of manufactures
and arts that make it unique. Civilizations tend to develop intricate cultures,
including a state-based decision making apparatus,
a literature,
professional art, architecture, organized religion, and
complex customs of education, coercion and
control associated with maintaining the elite.
The
intricate culture associated with civilization has a tendency to spread to and
influence other cultures, sometimes assimilating them into the civilization (a
classic example being Chinese civilization
and its influence on nearby civilizations such as Korea, Japan and Vietnam). Many
civilizations are actually large cultural spheres containing many nations and
regions. The civilization in which someone lives is that person's broadest
cultural identity.
Many
historians have focused on these broad cultural spheres and have treated
civilizations as discrete units. Early twentieth-century philosopher Oswald Spengler, uses
the German word "Kultarr," "culture," for what many call a
"civilization". Spengler believes a civilization's coherence is based
on a single primary cultural symbol. Cultures experience cycles of birth, life,
decline, and death, often supplanted by a potent new culture, formed around a
compelling new cultural symbol. Spengler states civilization is the beginning
of the decline of a culture as, "...the most external and artificial
states of which a species of developed humanity is capable."
This
"unified culture" concept of civilization also influenced the
theories of historian Arnold J. Toynbee in
the mid-twentieth century. Toynbee explored civilization processes in his
multi-volume A Study of History, which traced the rise and, in
most cases, the decline of 21 civilizations and five "arrested
civilizations." Civilizations generally declined and fell, according to
Toynbee, because of the failure of a "creative minority", through
moral or religious decline, to meet some important challenge, rather than mere
economic or environmental causes.
Samuel P.
Huntington defines civilization as "the highest cultural
grouping of people and the broadest level of cultural identity people have
short of that which distinguishes humans from other species." Huntington's
theories about civilizations are discussed
All civilizations
have depended on agriculture for subsistence. Grain farms can result in accumulated
storage and a surplus of food, particularly when people use intensive
agricultural techniques such as artificial fertilization, irrigation and crop rotation. It is possible
but more difficult to accumulate horticultural production, and so civilizations
based on horticultural gardening have been very rare. Grain surpluses have been especially important because they
can be stored for a long time. A surplus of food permits some people
to do things besides produce food for a living: early civilizations included soldiers, artisans, priests and priestesses, and other people with specialized
careers. A surplus of food results in a division of labor and a more diverse
range of human activity, a defining trait of civilizations. However, in some
places hunter-gatherers have had access to food surpluses, such as among some
of the indigenous peoples of the Pacific Northwest and perhaps during the Mesolithic Neptunian culture. It is possible
that food surpluses and relatively large scale social organization and division
of labor predates plant and animal domestication.
Civilizations have
distinctly different settlement patterns from other societies. The word civilization is sometimes simply defined as
"'living in cities'". Non-farmers
tend to gather in cities to work and to trade.
Compared with
other societies, civilizations have a more complex political structure, namely
the state. State societies are more stratified[30] than other societies; there is a greater difference
among the social classes. The ruling class, normally
concentrated in the cities, has control over much of the surplus and exercises
its will through the actions of a government or bureaucracy. Morton Fried, a conflict theorist, and Elman Service, an integration
theorist, have classified human cultures based on political systems and social inequality.
The Characteristics of a Highly Civilized Society
Characteristics of a highly civilized society
Trade and currency.
In a highly civilized society people should have a system of trade or currency. People would trade different things for other things like if you make baskets you would trade a basket for some food.
Trade and currency.
In a highly civilized society people should have a system of trade or currency. People would trade different things for other things like if you make baskets you would trade a basket for some food.
Protection:
In a highly civilized society they would need protection such as walls or moats. they need protection from other society's that would attack them.
In a highly civilized society they would need protection such as walls or moats. they need protection from other society's that would attack them.
Laws to protect people:
Some of the laws are to help and protect people and to respect the rules of people at authority. And take care of your land like farms. These are the Characteristics of a highly civilized society.
Some of the laws are to help and protect people and to respect the rules of people at authority. And take care of your land like farms. These are the Characteristics of a highly civilized society.
CONCLUSION:
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